The Use Of Sulfa Drugs During World War II - 1486 Words

In 1928 Dr. Alexander Fleming began to sort through a pile of petri dishes containing colonies of bacteria that causes boils, sore throats, and abscesses. As he sorted through the dishes he noticed something unusual on one dish. It was dotted with colonies, and one area had a blob of mold growing. The area of mold was later identified as a rare strain of Penicillium notatum, the mold had secreted something that inhibited bacterial growth. Fleming later uncovered that this mold was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria such as streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus, that had played humanities. Prior to the discovery of Penicillin, Sulfa drugs were used during World War II. These drugs were name as the â€Å"wonder drug†. Although they’re still used today, Sulfa drugs were used to cure bacterial infections such as UTIs and gonorrhea. The new found drug penicillin, would cure millions and replace the use of Sulfa drugs. In 1929 Fleming published his findings to a British Journal of Experimental Pathology, referencing that penicillin had potential of therapeutic benefits. Dr. Fleming was never able to purify his samples of penicillin, but he became the first person to publish the news of its germ-killing power. Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley expanded on Fleming s work in 1938, at Oxford University. The researchers worked on the purification and chemistry of penicillin, that began intensely in 1939. To carry out a program ofShow MoreRelatedMedical advancements in World War Two1704 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II brought death and destruction upon the world. On the other hand, it also opened doors for pioneering developments that commonly occur during such situations of high adversity. Some of the most important advancements took place in the field of medicine when the world was embroiled in World War II. As Dr. Ralph Major states, An army is a vast laboratory of medical research where disease and injuries are seen on a far larger scale than in peacetime. Many improvements in the treatment ofRead MoreThe Manufacturing of Neoprontosil and Other Products3094 Words   |  12 PagesSterling-Winthrop, also known as Sterling Drug, and I.G. Farben, a conglomerate formed in 1926 through the merging of eight leading German chemical manufacturers including Bayer, a German chemical and pharmaceutical company. [6, 13] I.G. Farben was notorious for its role in the Holocaust as it was involved in many war crimes. The company produced large quantities of Zyklon B, a cyanide-based pesticide, necessary for the gas chambers at various concentration camps during the Holocaust. 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Stevens is Professor of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania. The opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of theRead MoreScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 Pagesnumber of deaths during severe epidemics. Censuses and the recording of deaths were carried out in some of the citystates of Renaissance Italy. Birth rates were treated as either constant or meaningless and little attempt was made to measure them until shortly before the recent fertility transition. Modern demography had to await the development of a scientific outlook and counts of population and vital events that were reasonably complete. These conditions began to be realized during the second halfRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesiiManagement Challenges for the 21st Century PETER F. 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Hsc Legal Studies Family Essay - 1114 Words

â€Å"Society moves ahead and the law limps behind† Discuss this referring to contemporary issues in family Society’s opinions are constantly, and rapidly changing, and consequently this poses significant challenges to the family law system in Australia. A family is a social unit containing individuals related by blood, marriage or other legally recognised relationships. Family law reforms have been implemented over the past three decades, entailing the recognition of same sex couples. Furthermore, a statutory presumption of shared parenting – as instigated by society’s transitioning values – displays the changing nature of parental responsibility. Not only are society’s views progressing, but surrogacy and birth technologies are†¦show more content†¦Thus, the act can be unenforceable at times, as seen in the article, â€Å"Not so equal when it comes to super† (Star Observer, Lamont, Ani, 2008) That said, the act enables the protection of individuals’ rights to be free of discrimination on the basis of sexual preferences. Furthermor e, it meets society’s needs to see equality amongst same sex relationships, which is evident in a survey concluding 72% of Sydney residents are in favour of gay marriage. Law reform is considered proactive with relation to surrogacy and birth technologies, as methods of conception must be permitted before they are conducted. Surrogacy, which occurs when one woman agrees to fall pregnant and bear a child for a couple, is illegal in NSW when the woman is paid a fee or award, under the Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2007 (NSW). Hence, surrogacy must be altruistic. Furthermore, the Surrogacy Act 2010 (NSW) now criminalises an international journey for commercial surrogacy. This suggests the law is successful in meeting society’s needs for children not to be perceived as, â€Å"commodities.† However, this logic is disputed; why would one pay for a â€Å"commodity,† which will reap no financial gain? The only reason seems to be the personal reward of bonding with a child. Thus, the legislation can spawnShow MoreRelatedElderly Abuse And What Issues With It1795 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: This essay I will explain elderly abuse and what issues with it. The information is based on research through books, journals and helpful websites where I gathered relevant information for the essay. Elderly Abuse Is a general term used to describe harmful acts toward an elderly adult, such as physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, financial exploitation and neglect (including self-neglect). 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Study Guide Mis 691 Chapter 2 Free Essays

Study Guide MIS 691 Midterm Chapter 2 2. 2 Entity: One theme or topic; something of importance to a user that needs to be represented in a database. In the entity-relationship model, entities are restricted to things that can be represented by a single table. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide Mis 691 Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now An example of this is in the EMPLOYEE table; data about the entity (the employee) is in the table rows and data about the entity’s attributes are in the rows. 2. List the characteristics a table must have to be a relation: * Each row of the table holds data that pertain to some entity or a portion of some entity * Each column contains data of the attributes of the entity * The cells must hold a single value; no repeating elements * All of the entries in any column must be the same kind * Each column must have a unique name and the column order is unimportant * The order of the rows in unimportant * No two rows in the table may hold identical data values 2. 0 Define the term unique key and give an example: A key that defines a unique row. An example of a unique key in the EMPLOYEE table is EmployeeNumber; the query of any EmployeeNumber (223 for example) will only produce a single row and data for one employee. 2. 11 Non-unique key: A key that potentially identifies more than one row. In the EMPLOYEE table from our book, Department is a non-unique key because it identifies several rows. 2. 12 Give an example of a relation with a unique composite key: A composite key contains two or more attributes. An example of a unique composite key in the EMPLOYEE table is if we combined LastName, FirstName, and Department as a key; these three attributes combined would insure that we would identify only one row. 2. 13 Explain the difference between a primary key and a candidate key: Candidate keys are keys that uniquely identify each row in a relation. They can be single or composite. The primary key is the candidate key that is chosen as the key that the DBMS will use to uniquely identify each row. 2. 5 What is a surrogate key and under what circumstances would you use one? A surrogate key is a column with a unique, DBMS-assigned identifier that has been added to a table to be the primary key. You would use a surrogate key when the primary key in the table is not ideal. You add a surrogate because it is short, numeric, and will never change – it is an ideal primary key. 2. 20 Define the term referential integrity restraint and give an example: A relationship constraint on foreign ke y values. A referential integrity constraint specifies that the values of a foreign key must be a proper subset of the values of the primary key to which it refers. In the EMPLOYEE table: the value of Department should match a value of DepartmentName in the DEPARTMENT table. 2. 21 Explain the three possible interpretations of a null value: 1. It could mean that no value is appropriate 2. It might mean that the value is known to be blank (intentionally left blank) 3. It may mean that the value is unknown 2. 4 Name the functional dependency and identify the determinants of: Area = Length x Width Area is functionally dependent upon Length and Width or that the composite of Length and Width are determinants of Area 2. 31 Describe the nature and purpose of the normalization process: Normalization is breaking up tables with more than one theme into sets of tables that have one theme each. You have to do this so that there isn’t repeat information in a table and so there are no modification or deletion issues. Normalization: Normalization is the process of breaking a table with one or more theme into a set of tables such that each only has one theme. You need to create a well-formed relation: 1. Every determinant must be a candidate key 2. Any relation that is not well-formed should be broken into two or more relations that are well-formed The Normalization Process: 1. Indentify all of the candidate keys 2. Indentify all of the functional dependencies 3. Examine the dereminants of the functional dependencies. If any determinant is not a candidate key, the relation is not well-formed. In this case: a. Place the columns of the functional dependency in a new relation of their own b. Make the determinant of the functional dependacy the primary key of the new relation c. Leave a copy of the determinat as a foreign key in the original relation d. Create a referential integrity constraint between the orginal and the new relation. 4. Repeat step 3 until every key is a candidate key How to cite Study Guide Mis 691 Chapter 2, Essay examples

Ethic and Research in Professional Context Abortion

Question: Case study Mrs B Mrs B is a 34 year old mother of two, who is suffering from mental illness. About rights, the right of the foetus to life and the rights of the woman to choose in matters affecting her own body and health. Case- Studies talking about the abortion Abortion ABOUT RIGHTS, THE right of the foetus to life and the rights of the women to choose in matters affecting her own body and health. The clinician was working within the law ( 1967 abortion act) And his professional code respecting the rights of the patient's autonomy and in her best interests (e.g.mental well being) The clinician may or may not be in a position to discuss with the husband. she/he would have to respect patient confidentiality. Mediation could the way forward in terms of the different opinions of wife and husband but both would have to agree to it. The potential benefit might be that each others positions might be better understood and even if they failed to agree there may be better understanding which would help the marriage post abortion. The financial well being of the family may also be an issue-a consequentiality argument, thinking about the good of the family as a whole(including the other children) rather than on the unborn child. Mr K's views may be influence by religion and or cultural background. he may hold traditional views of the roles of men and women in families where men have ultimate authority ( patriarchal), a prevalent form of masculinity? Answer: Introduction Abortion is one of the most discussed issues of ethical dilemma and moral controversy that is associated with the human race in the modern civilization. However, the aim of this essay is to find out the moral consideration regarding the fact that abortion is equal to murdering of human life or not. Different countries have different laws regarding abortion and most of them do not support it morally (Herring, 2014). It is also argued in this discussion about the rights of abortion and how a woman is entitled to take decision about the abortion. There are many cases throughout the world where many women have gone for illegal abortion due to different issues and faced several health complications. This is also one of the key issue in this discussion that why authorities are not defining a clear policy regarding the abortion. There are several factors that sometime forces to perform abortion such as the health problems of mother, mental stability of the mother and financial condition of the family therefore government has to make a policy that will ethically allow abortion in few circumstances to decrease the rate of unauthorized abortion. Ethical issue of abortion should also include the honest evaluation of the physician (Shrage, 2013). In every case of abortion there should be a physician evaluation and that physician should talk to understand the need of abortion of a particular women. The effort was put in this discussion to understand the case study and analyse it with the ethical viewpoint to reach amoral consideration. Discussion Description of the case-study in relation with ethical dilemma Mrs. B is pregnant in the age of 34 years. She already has two children who are still not adult in her family. Mrs. B is suffering from mental illness and she is unable to take proper care of her family. In such situation becoming pregnant for her is a risk for both mother and the baby. If mother is unable to protect her health in the time of pregnancy then it will increase the life risk for mother and baby (Stalnaker, 2013). In such situation the physician needs to play a responsible role to protect the health of mother. Since the family has two children therefore in this case the duty of the doctor is to prioritize the health condition of mother. Abortion could be an option to protect the health of MRS. B. In the time of pregnancy particularly in the first trimester mother needs lot of care and protection otherwise the growth and health of the baby and mother may deteriorate. In such situation physician comes in dilemma about his or her approach towards the treatment (Doherty, 2013 ). If mother continues with the pregnancy then baby will not get the proper treatment and care that might affect the babys life after birth and it is also an ethical issue. Identify the ethical issues the dilemma raises The Value of Life refers to the thought that our lives are an essential ownership of every individual. Each individual encounters their own lives uniquely throughout their lifespan, and nobody can really carry on or truly lives with another's life. Every individual must be dealt with as exceptional, however this does not dispose of the idea that closure of a human life can't be supported, rather it is trusted not be finished without proper Justification (Morrison, 2015). Thus, it is esteemed ethically wrong to end a man's life without wanting to. The Principal of individual freedom fundamentally expresses that as human being, we should have the opportunity to pick our own specific manners of life and method for being moral within our system that is associated with the society. Since no individual or circumstance is precisely like another, therefore there must be some flexibility for those individuals to manage these distinctive circumstances in a way that best suits those (Blaas, 201 4). Therefore the issue of abortion have different viewpoint that are associated with the ethical dilemma within our society. According to the situation the process of abortion sometime seems to right and sometime wrong. If the health condition of mother is not good and the birth of the child will risk her life then doctors always suggest abortion to save mothers life. But most of the cases of abortion are done to rectify the mistakes of individuals to restrict unintended pregnancy during sex (Welter, 2015). Most of the organizations are raising their voice to restrict such kind of abortion. In these cases the health of the mother is good and they are able to give birth of healthy child but since the pregnancy is unintended of they have not planned for child therefore they are approaching towards abortion. These types of cases are definitely unethical and doctors also should not support such situation of abortion. According to the case study of MRS. B it is clear that the situation is very critical for her. Mrs. B is mentally disturbed that is the issue of health problem. Doctors and physicians always suggest conceiving pregnancy during the best health condition of mother. If the mother is not well with her health at that time conceiving baby is also an unethical issue (Marcum, 2012). It is fact that during the bad health condition of mother baby will not grow well therefore there is a high chance to give birth of an unhealthy child. After birth the child has to suffer that bad health condition throughout his or her life and he or she is not responsible for that rather the parents of that child are responsible. Therefore it raises the question of ethical issue that only abortion should not come under ethical consideration other related issues should be taken under consideration. In case of Mrs. B she is mentally ill that ethically do not support her pregnancy (Cochrane, 2014). The doctor and t he mother have all right to abort the fetus since there is a high chance of giving birth of unhealthy baby and mothers life also becomes risky. Therefore the ethical dilemma is that who to prioritize here and under which act the abortion should be done legally. Different people involved in this ethical dilemma Abortion is one such process that has no clear stance regarding its ethical view point. The whole society is involved in this process particularly every member of the society have different views in this topic (Ely at al, 2012). Most of the time abortion is argued from different perspective therefore it is difficult to understand the exact view that is discussed below. Patients Patients are mother who carries the baby in her womb. From her perspective abortion is one of the job in her life that she will never think off but sometimes it becomes necessary. If the woman is married then there might be financial problem. In case of MRS. B she has two children and the financial condition of the family is not so good. In such situation the third child will not get as much care as he or she deserve. Therefore from the patients perspective abortion is ethical so that she can support her existing children properly (Mizuno et al, 2013). Physician Physician have a big role in the incidence of abortion because without their support it is not possible. In many countries where abortion is restricted by law, in those countries physician play a big role because if they think that abortion is really necessary due to the health effect of the mother then only they will do that. Otherwise it is not allowed by the law. In the case of mental illness physician has the right to abort the fetus without informing husband due to the confidentiality of the patients. If the physician thinks that patient will improve her health after abortion then it can be done (Dittmer, 2013). Family members Family members also important and their views relate to the ethical and moral incidence. Family members will never support abortion where pregnancy is desired. Most of the time family members support abortion where pregnancy is unintended and society will not support them. The general public The view of general public will always morally oppose the incidence of abortion because they will express their view from their perspective. According to the general public abortion is same as killing because it is ending a heartbeat straight away knowingly. Many view of general public also says that if the women is ready to take the pain and risk of aborting the child then it is the right of the mother who will be considered as the deciding authority (Pilkington, 2015). Health and social care assistants There are many social organizations who are strongly opposing the incidence of abortion. They believe that since fetus has their life therefore it is same as killing. Many healthcare professional supports the issue because they understand that all the situation do not support the pregnancy therefore it is better to abort the fetus rather to continue with it that risk the life of mother. Both the professionals argue that normal abortion should be avoided which are needed for the carelessness of the women (Luna Wolf, 2014). Youth workers Youth workers in these days have both views because of their lifestyle changes. Since live-together is very popular among them therefore incidence of abortion is also very common. The young population thinks that there is nothing related to the unethical with abortion since it is the personal matter between two individuals. Women should have all the right to decide about the abortion (Coles Compston, 2013). Potential conflict and points of agreement in terms of ethical arguments It is broadly acknowledged that the actuality of abortion has been a subject of discussion for a long time. Subsequent to the extent of individuals who acknowledge abortion as a normal system is equivalent to the extent of the individuals who consider abortion a crime. Starting with the methodology of Utilitarianism, we should say that Utilitarianism is concerned basically with pleasure and with pain. Therefore somebody should be worried with the measures of pleasure and pain in circumstances where abortion is allowed as stood out from the measures of pleasure and pain where aborting fetus is forbidden. McNeilly (2013) has suggested that the main consideration should be associated with the interest of fetus whether the fetus has the right to live or not. In the same topic Shannon (2013) has argued with the right of fetus and mother that is important. If mother has the freedom to choose the option of abortion for her better life then why the interest of the fetus is ignored. Fetus also has the right to live her life with full freedom. In the case of ethical arguments the life of mother and the life of fetus should be considered as separate entity and neither mother nor any other entity has the right to decide about the abortion in normal circumstanc e. Therefore arguing with the conflict it can be said that morally abortion should be considered in few circumstances where mother is unable to survive or in the case the life off the child is under risk (Gallagher et al, 2012). There has been another argument that includes the family members with the incidence of abortion. There has been a myth that having a baby will decrease the happiness within a relationship even in those cases where pregnancy is desired. These types of situation are very much unexpected because these types of parents do not have any responsibility about their childs life. The mentality of such parents will not help the child to grow properly in his or her life. The conflict starts here with the decision that if the abortion is allowed then they will perform such thing frequently and if the abortion is restricted then the child will suffer after birth therefore both ways the process is becoming unethical (Parks, 2015). According to the moral view it is necessar y to allow abortion in modern civilization where affordability is one of the key issues but it is also necessary to adopt other ways so that husband and wifes should be conscious enough to avoid the incidence of abortion frequently. More frequently abortion will increase the life risk of the mother and also becomes wrong morally because mistakes can be done once but when it is frequent then it can be supported by the strong unethical issue (Guadamuz, 2015). In a different argument two distinct views of abortion is discussed to understand the right or wrong thing associated with it is the Prolife that is against abortion and the other is Prochoice that is in favour of abortion. The first view is prolife that believes in the concept of absolute right to life that is associated with the value of principle. By the 3rd week of the pregnancy the embryo gets its heart beats and starts to live her own life (Cheong Tay, 2014). Therefore abortion in any stage is same as killing that ends the life of an innocent child. This view is providing thee alternative of abortion as adoption because it will at least help the fetus to get the life and after birth he or she will be able to live the life. Prolife view also suggests that women should keep control over their bodies and if they fail to do that, then they should take the help of contraceptives to avoid unwanted pregnancy. If a woman fails to use these measures then she should take the full respon sibility of that child rather sacrificing human life. According to the second view of Prochoice women have all the right over their bodies and greatly favour abortion. This view is arguing that how it can be considered as a human life before birth (Coeytaux et al, 2014). Prochoice is claiming the principle of individual freedom that is associated with the individual choice to determine what is right for them in their own circumstances. The argument starts with the concern of deformities of the fetus that is associated with the health burden and lot of suffering of the child after birth. The argument is also applicable for thee unfit mothers who are not able to continue with the embryo. In case of rape the woman should have all the right to go for abortion because the circumstance is unwanted (Sundstrom, Briones Janoske, 2013). Discussing all these views Prochoice is also developing the logical way to prove their claim so that morally abortion do not become a crime and there is no w ay that mother will feel bad if the situation is unintended. Influence in respond to the ethical dilemma Ethical dilemma regarding the abortion issue has got no clear view that will help to reach in a particular decision. There are different elements in the society that are influencing the incidence of abortion. Gender Gender is one such element that influences the abortion too much. Male and females have different views regarding this issue. Since female are the victim and they have to carry the fetus in their womb therefore they always have a sentiment to abort a fetus. Most of the female do not support the abortion but still they have to accept it because of their carelessness (Church Ekber, 2013). But males are very open to the process and majority of them support the issue because it will reduce the responsibility of their carelessness also. Ethnicity - Ethnicity morally do not support the abortion of fetus but the most of the women went to abort their fetus due to this society. Therefore the question arises that how it can be justified that which circumstances are really ethical to abort a fetus. The influence due to ethnicity thus forces in both way and creates the ethical dilemma (McCullough, 2012). Religion Influence of religion is very high in this issue because most of the individual in this earth belongs to some religion belief. No religion belief is there in the earth that supports abortion in any circumstances. Religiously it is the worst job to end the life of a fetus because they believe that every fetus have the right to get birth (Macklin, 2012). Education of the human being is changing the view and peoples are less influenced by the religion belief so that women or parents can decide according to their needs. Age Age influence in different way because different age of a women have different complication that may or may not support the abortion. Therefore it is totally decided by the doctors that at which age it can be performed or not (Allyse et al, 2013). Relevant codes of professional conduct and law associated with dilemma and moral solution According to the abortion act 1967 there is no clear view of thee abortion circumstance. The law support abortion is those cases that are associated with urgent medical reasons with the consent of a psychiatrist, to protect their mental health. According to this act the cost to womens health of illegal abortion was high with around 40 women dying each year and many more injured. Doctors, politicians and members of some religious communities worked together to pass a law that allowed for abortion in some circumstances (Sahinoglu et al, 2013). This law has entitled thee doctor as the decision making authority not the woman for each case of abortion but does not provide any reason that will make abortion as illegal. Much of the law is open to interpretation and asks doctors to make a judgment based on weighing up risks rather than specifying particular circumstances in which abortion would be legal (Emmerich, 2015). In 1990 the 1967 Act was amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryol ogy Act, which reduced the original time limit of 28 weeks to 24 weeks for most abortions. Conclusion It can be concluded from this discussion that abortion is morally a wrong purpose if it is not associated with the health condition of mother. Therefore the law also entitles doctors to decide about the legality of the abortion to minimize the illegal form that is more affecting the womens health. Most of the time doctors found that carelessness is the cause of abortion that can be state as the unethical but there are incidences also when mother has to do abortion to survive with her own life that is termed as the morally ethical. 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